Sun Exposure: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is one of the primary causes of skin pigmentation. Exposure to UV rays stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, leading to tanning or darkening of the skin. Prolonged or excessive sun exposure without adequate sun protection can result in sunburn, sunspots (also known as age spots or liver spots), freckles, and uneven skin tone.
Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations can influence melanin production and distribution in the skin, leading to changes in skin pigmentation. Hormonal changes during pregnancy (melasma or “pregnancy mask”), oral contraceptive use, hormonal therapy, and menopause can trigger hyperpigmentation or darkening of certain areas of the skin.
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation: Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) occurs as a result of inflammation or injury to the skin, such as acne, cuts, burns, insect bites, or skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis. In response to injury, the skin produces excess melanin, leading to dark spots or patches that persist after the initial inflammation has resolved.
